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Nitirc oxide synthase (NOS), a cell type specific enzyme, catalyzes the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO). NO is a short-lived radical that transmits signals involved in vasorelaxation, neurotransmission, and cytoxicity. In neurons and endothelial cells, constitutive NOS (cNOS) is activated by agonists that increase intracellular Ca2 ; levels and enhance calmodulin binding. Neuronal NOS (nNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) have recognition sites for NADPH, FAD, FMN, and calmodulin. eNOS has a unique N-myristylation consensus sequence that may explain its membrane localization. Various protein kinases have been implicated in regulation of eNOS activity, including AMPK, PKA, PKB/Akt, PKC, and CaM Kinase II. During VEGF stimulation, eNOS is transiently phosphorylated at Ser-1177 by PKB/Akt and dephosphorylated at Thr-495. At later time points, VEGF stimulation leads to an increase in Thr-495 phosphorylation mediated by PKC and a decrease in Ser-1177 phosphorylation. In addition, Ser-633 amd Ser-1177 are phosphorylated by PKA and PKG in vitro. Thus, eNOS activity may be regulated through complex phosphorylation events mediated by multiple kinases at various phosphorylation sites.Western Blotting
