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TGF beta-1 (TGFB1, Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1) is a polypeptide member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of cytokines, found almost ubiquitously in tissues. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-b is stored in the extracellular matrix as a latent complex with its pro-domain. Activation of TGF beta-1 requires the binding of aV integrin to an RGD sequence in the prodomain and exertion of force on this domain, which is held in the extracellular matrix by latent TGF-b binding proteins. Latent forms are complexes of TGF beta-1, an amino-terminal portion of the TGF-beta precursor, designated TGF-LAP (TGF-latency associated peptide), and a specific binding protein, known as LTBP. TGF beta-1 helps regulates proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration in many cell types. Many cells have TGF beta receptors, and the protein positively and negatively regulates many other growth factors. TGF beta-1 is cleaved into a latency-associated peptide and a mature TGF beta-1 peptide, and is found in either a latent form composed of a TGFB1 homodimer, a LAP homodimer, and a latent TGFB1-binding protein, or in an active form composed of a TGF beta-1 homodimer. The mature peptide may also form heterodimers with other TGF beta family members. The gene for TGF beta-1 is frequently upregulated in tumor cells, and mutations in this gene result in Camurati-Engelmann disease and cystic fibrosis. : Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF beta) is a pleiotropic cytokine which exists in five isoforms, known as TGF beta 1-5, with homologies of 70-80% and no homology to TGF alpha. TGF beta 1 is the most abundant isoform and is ubiquitously expressed, while other isoforms are expressed in a more restricted manner. TGF beta 1 is highly conserved, with 100% sequence homology between the human, simian, bovine, porcine, and chicken proteins and 99% homology between the human and murine proteins. It is highly expressed in platelets and also produced by macrophages, lymphocytes, endothelial cells, chondrocytes, and leukemic cells. TGF beta 1 is synthesized as a long precursor polypeptide, which is cleaved to yield the mature protein and the Latency Associated Peptide (LAP). LAP and mature TGF beta 1 remain non-covalently associated through secretion, forming homodimers known as the Small Latent Complex (SLC). Secretion can be induced by steroids, retinoids, EGF, NGF, vitamin D3, and IL-1. The bioactivity of mature TGF beta 1 is dependent on its release from LAP by conformational changes and proteolytic processing. Its activities include inhibition of cell growth in epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, neurons, lymphoid cells, and other hematopoietic cell types. TGF beta 1 also inhibits the proliferation of T cells and NK cells, downregulates the activities of activated macrophages, and blocks the anti-tumor activity of IL-2 - bearing lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. Recently, TGF beta 1 has been found to have a critical role in the development of regulatory T cells and act as a costimulatory factor for expression of Foxp3. Dendritic cells exposed to tumors have been reported to secrete TGF beta 1 and stimulate the differntiation of CD4 CD25 Treg cells from peripheral CD4 CD25- progeny. TGF beta 1-induced regulatory T cells have been termed iTreg. Applications Reported: Human TGF beta 1 Single-Use ELISA RSG Standard (2nd Generation) has been reported for use in ELISA. Applications Tested: The intended use of the Human TGF beta 1 Single-Use ELISA RSG Standard (2nd Generation) is as a standard for Human/Mouse TGF beta 1 ELISA (2nd Generation) (cat. 88-8350). Typically the standard is run in a series of 7 doubling dilutions from the ′top′ standard. Please refer to the Certificate of Analysis included with each ELISA set for instructions on the proper dilution of the recombinant standard. Note: These are single-use vials. Use one time and discard. Dilute as suggested in the Certificate of Analysis, not difficult-to-measure fractions of the suggested volumes (e.g., not 0.5uL in 1.0 mL) or recovery may not be accurate. Use within 6 hours of dilution to top standard concentration. Storage and handling: For best recovery, quick-spin vial prior to opening. For dilution of current stock, use ELISA Assay Diluent.
