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The isotype of a primary antibody and the application it is being used in can result in background staining. Primary antibody background noise can be caused by binding to Fc receptors on target cells; by non-specific interactions with cellular proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids; or by cell autofluorescence. Isotype control antibodies can act as negative controls to help differentiate non-specific background signal from specific antibody signal because they have no relevant specificity to a target antigen. While isotype controls are most commonly used in flow cytometry, they are useful in other applications such as chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), immunohistochemistry, and gel shifts. Isotype controls should match with the primary antibody species and isotype so that the level of specific staining by the primary antibody may be accurately determined. If using directly labeled primary antibodies, the isotype control works best if conjugated with the same label as the test antibody.PA5-33212 has been shown to be negative on all mouse cells and cell lines tested. This antibody recognizes a human cell surface marker, and therefore cannot be used as a negative control in this species Test results have shown that PA5-33212 is also suitable for use as a negative control with canine tissues.For FACS analysis, use 10ul of the suggested working dilution to label 1x10^6 cells in 100ul.
