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Stat5, also known as mammary gland factor (MGF) has been shown to play a critical role in the lactogenic hormone response and has been well characterized in mammary epithelial cells. The SH3 domain of MGF shows extensive homology with the SH2 domains of Stat1 and Stat2. This homology has led to its classification as a member of the Stat family. The Stat proteins function both as cytoplasmic signal transducers and as activators of transcription. Stat (Signal transducer and activators of transcription) proteins are critical mediators of the biologic activity of cytokines, including interleukins, interferons, erythropoietin, and growth factors. Ligand-receptor interaction leads to activation of constitutively associated JAK family kinases and subsequent recruitment and activation of Stat proteins by tyrosine phosphorylation. Active Stat proteins then move to the nucleus to promote transcription of cytokine-inducible genes. Stat5a has been shown to be involved in lactogenesis and mammary development, while Stat5b has been shown to be involved in growth hormone signaling and to play a role in liver gene expression. Stat5 activity is tightly regulated throughout gestation, lactation, and post-lactation.
